Activity-Based Costing (ABC) is a costing methodology that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each.

Activity-Based Management (ABM) is a method of identifying and evaluating activities that a business performs, using activity-based costing to carry out a value chain analysis or a re-engineering initiative to improve strategic and operational decisions in an organization.

See also: ABM

In aviation, atmospheric sciences, and broadcasting, height above ground level (AGL) is a height measured with respect to the underlying ground surface. This is as opposed to altitude/elevation above mean sea level (AMSL), or (in broadcast engineering) height above average terrain (HAAT). In other words, these expressions (AGL, AMSL, and HAAT) indicate where the "zero level" or "reference altitude" is located.

See also: AGL

Active Directory (AD) is a directory service that Microsoft developed for Windows domain networks. It is included in most Windows Server operating systems as a set of processes and services.

See also: AD

ACTS is the first high-speed, all-digital communications satellite. It is the first to have sophisticated telephone-system-type switching onboard. It can carry data at standard fiber-optic data rates with the same transmission quality, added performance, and cost savings that a land-based network provides.

See also: ACTS

Antenna Control Unit

Active Directory

See also: AD

Advanced Inflight Alliance AG, a Global Eagle company together with its subsidiaries, provides in-flight entertainment services worldwide. The company’s Content Service Provider segment offers content services that comprise audio and video programs, such as feature films, TV programs, news, and sports, as well as electronic games.

See also: AIA

Are a set of standards for digital television transmission over terrestrial, cable, and satellite networks.

See also: ATSC

Above Ground Level

See also: AGL

Advanced Inflight Alliance was acquired by Global Eagle in 2014. The company provided in-flight entertainment content. The Company provides video programming, content management services, as well as manages the airline's in-flight entertainment websites.

See also: AIA

AIRconnect is Global Eagle's Ku-band satellite-based connectivity hardware platform the largest installed base of Ku-band satellite connected aircraft. The solution provides a cost-effective, high-performance, global solution to airlines and enables gate-to-gate functionality.

See also: AIRConnect

A portable on-demand wireless in-flight entertainment (IFE) system, Airconnect Go, by combining its content and Airtime Portal software with hardware from Astronics. will provide a “superior experience” for the solution’s target market, which includes smaller regional airlines, low-cost carriers and charter companies using leased aircraft.

See also: Airconnect Go

Global Eagle is the world's leading provider of in-flight games. From in-house, studio-developed casual games to exclusively licensed brands such as EA and Disney, GEE offers the largest catalog of the seatback and wireless games in the market to over 100 airlines worldwide.

See also: AIRgames

The Airline Passenger Experience Association (APEX) is the only non-profit membership trade organization comprised of the world's leading airlines, industry suppliers, major media groups and related aviation industry leaders dedicated to elevating the passenger experience for more than 80% of global passengers while driving industry initiatives and desired regulations.

See also: APEX

An industry trade organization for the leading U.S. airlines.

See also: A4A

A Global Eagle product. AIRPRO is a fully automated in-flight operations workflow management solution that enables airlines and their flight crews to digitize their entire workflow.

See also: AIRPRO

Global Eagle's market-leading digital publications reader is currently flying on over 350 aircraft around the world. Available for both seatback and wireless IFE systems, AIRread supports airline paperless cabin objectives through GEE's extensive digital publications catalog, which includes over 6,500 digital magazines, newspapers, and books available in 50+ languages.

See also: AIRread

Global Eagle's has a long-standing expertise in maximizing an airline's IFE system through engaging in-flight catalogs that include browsing, meal selection, and buy-on-board features.

See also: AIRshop

AIRside is an ultra-low-cost IFE mobile app. AIRside allows passengers to download content to their personal electronic devices anywhere on the ground, prior to flight time. Content is securely stored and unlocked during the flight window based on a passenger's booking information, or 'PNR' code. AIRside is cost-effective, scalable, and quick to roll out without any onboard hardware.

See also: AIRside

AIRtime is a market-leading portal and mobile solution that offers flexible wireless IFE based on Global Eagle's Ku-band satellite connectivity. AIRtime provides popular features such as live television, messaging and content streaming to personal electronic devices. AIRtime also enables incremental revenue to airlines through the portal's powerful advertising and sponsorship capabilities.

See also: AIRtime

An offline wireless IFE portal. AIRtime Lite enables airlines without in-flight connectivity to offer a highly engaging wireless entertainment experience. Powered by Global Eagle's content-rich catalog, AIRtime Lite delivers video-on-demand and other infotainment options to passenger devices, as well as near-live content, such as sports and news features, updated multiple times daily through ground cellular connectivity.

See also: AIRtime Lite

A data management and reporting tool. Global Eagle's AIRview is a robust data management and web-based reporting tool, currently integrated into key products, including AIRtime. AIRview allows comprehensive monitoring of operations data, including connectivity system health, aircraft position and avionics data, service take rates, ad campaign performance and order/inventory levels - all within an intuitive interface for airline executives.

See also: AIRview

A suite of modular wireless IFEC solutions. AIRworks is a suite of modular IFEC solutions that include wireless in-flight entertainment software, a live television platform, near-live content, content technical services and more.

See also: AIRworks

The automatic identification system (AIS) is an automatic tracking system used on ships and by vessel traffic services (VTS). When satellites are used to detect AIS signatures, the term Satellite-AIS (S-AIS) is used. AIS information supplements marine radar, which continues to be the primary method of collision avoidance for water transport.

See also: AIS

American National Standards Institute

See also: ANSI

In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, protocols, and tools for building application software. In general terms, it is a set of clearly defined methods of communication between various software components.

See also: API

Acceptable Quality Level (AQL) is the worst tolerable process average (mean) in percentage or ratio that is still considered acceptable; that is, it is at an acceptable quality level.

See also: AQL

American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

See also: ASCII

Advanced Ship Notice (ASN) is a notification of pending deliveries, similar to a packing list. It is usually sent in an electronic format and is a common EDI document.

See also ASN

Advanced Threat Protection

Available to Promise (ATP) is a business function that provides a response to customer order inquiries, based on resource availability. It generates available quantities of the requested product and delivery due dates. Therefore, ATP supports order promising and fulfillment, aiming to manage demand and match it to production plans.

See also ATP

Global Eagle has been selected by Avianca Holdings to provide the in-flight entertainment service onboard its subsidiary airlines.

See also: Avianca

Aircraft Interiors Expo is the world’s leading event for airlines and the supply chain to source the latest innovations, technologies, and products for the cabin interiors, in-flight entertainment, and passenger comfort industries.

See also: AIX

Business to Business

Business to Consumer

Business Continuity Management

Business Intelligence (BI) comprises the strategies and technologies used by enterprises for the data analysis of business information. BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations.

See also: BI

Is data sets that are so voluminous and complex that traditional data processing application software is inadequate to deal with them. Big data challenges include capturing data, data storage, data analysis, search, sharing, transfer, visualization, querying, and updating and information privacy. There are three dimensions to big data known as Volume, Variety, and Velocity.

See also: Big Data

Bill of Materials: A bill of materials or product structure (sometimes bill of material, BOM or associated list) is a list of the raw materials, sub-assemblies, intermediate assemblies, sub-components, parts, and the quantities of each needed to manufacture an end product.

See also: BOM

Board Serial Number

Compound Annual Growth Rate is a useful measure of growth over multiple time periods. It can be thought of as the growth rate that gets you from the initial investment value to the ending investment value if you assume that the investment has been compounding over the time period.

C-band is the original frequency allocation for communications satellites. C-Band uses 3.7-4.2GHz for downlink and 5.925-6.425Ghz for uplink. The lower frequencies that C Band uses perform better under adverse weather conditions than the Ku band or Ka-band frequencies.

See also: C-band

Content Delivery Networks (CDN) is a geographically distributed network of proxy servers and their data centers. The goal is to distribute service spatially relative to end-users to provide high availability and high performance.

See also: CDN

This term means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. Seller must pay the costs & freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, BUT the risk of loss or damage, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery are transferred from seller to buyer. Seller must clear goods for export. This term can only be used for ocean transport.

The Chief Information Officer (CIO) oversees the people, processes and technologies within a company’s IT organization to ensure they deliver outcomes that support the goals of the business.

As digital becomes a core competency, the CIO plays a key leadership role in the critical strategic, technical and management initiatives — from information security and algorithms to customer experience and leveraging data — that mitigate threats and drive business growth.
 

This term is the same as CPT with the exception that the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. This term may be used for any mode of transportation.

This term is the same as CPT with the exception that the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer's risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. This term may be used for any mode of transportation.

Corporate Information Security Management System

Commercial Leadership Team

Certificate of Conformance is a document certified by a competent authority that the supplied good or service meets the required specifications. Also called a certificate of compliance, certificate of conformity

See also: CoC

Customer premises equipment (CPE) is telephone or other service provider equipment that is located on the customer's premises (physical location) rather than on the provider's premises or in between. Telephone handsets, cable TV set-top boxes, and Digital Subscriber Line routers are examples.

See also: CPE

This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. The buyer bears all costs occurring after the goods have been so delivered. The seller must clear the goods for export. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport (including multimodal).

Change Request: A change request is a document containing a call for an adjustment of a system; it is of great importance in the change management process.

See also: CR

Reading is a favorite in-flight pastime at any age, so Global Eagle has partnered with Cupcake Digital to help redefine in-flight entertainment with these memorable children stories.

See also: Cupcake Digital

This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for export but not cleared for import, at the named point & place at the frontier - but before the customs border of the adjoining country. To be used when delivering to a land frontier.

Seller pays for carriage to the named place, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks prior to the point that the goods are ready for unloading by the buyer.

Designated Airworthiness Representative is a private person designated by the United States Federal Aviation Administration to act on its behalf in the certification of type certificated and amateur-built aircraft for the issuance of airworthiness certificates, special flight permits, import aircraft, export certificates for products and articles, conformity inspections and field approvals for repair and alterations.

See also: DAR

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.

See also: DARPA

Seller pays for carriage to the terminal, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks up to the point that the goods are unloaded at the terminal.

Data communications equipment (DCE) refers to computer hardware devices used to establish, maintain and terminate communication network sessions between a data source and its destination. DCE is connected to the data terminal equipment (DTE) and data transmission circuit (DTC) to convert transmission signals.

See also: DCE

Digital Content Supply Chain. The digital supply chain is a new media term which encompasses the process of the delivery of digital media, be it music or video, by electronic means, from the point of origin (content provider) to destination (consumer). In much the same manner a physical medium must go through a “supply chain” process in order to mature into a consumable product, digital media must pass through various stages in processing to get to a point in which the consumer can enjoy the music or video on a computer or television set.

See also: DCSC

This term represents maximum obligation to the seller. This term should not be used if the seller is unable to directly or indirectly to obtain the import license. The terms means the same as the DDU term with the exception that the seller also will bear all costs & risks of carrying out customs formalities including the payment of duties, taxes & customs fees.

This term means the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and not unloaded from arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller bears all costs & risks involved in bringing the goods to the named place other than "duty" (which includes the responsibility for customs formalities & payment of those formalities, duties & taxes) for import into the country of destination. Buyer is responsible for payment of all customs & duties & taxes.

In computer security, a DMZ or demilitarized zone (sometimes referred to as a perimeter network) is a physical or logical subnetwork that contains and exposes an organization's external-facing services to an untrusted network, usually a larger network such as the Internet.

See also: DMZ

This terms is the same as DES with the exception that the seller is responsible to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer, not cleared for import, on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. Seller bears all costs & risks as in DES plus discharging the goods on the quay. This term can only be used in ocean transport.

Seller delivers when goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship, not cleared for import at the named port of destination. The seller bears all costs & risks in bringing the goods to the named port before discharging. This term can only be used when the goods are to be delivered by ocean.

A distributed file system (DFS) is a file system with data stored on a server. The data is accessed and processed as if it was stored on the local client machine. The DFS makes it convenient to share information and files among users on a network in a controlled and authorized way. The server allows the client users to share files and store data just like they are storing the information locally. However, the servers have full control over the data and give access control to the clients.

See also: DFS

Different types of measures can be included in a disaster recovery plan (DRP). Disaster recovery planning is a subset of a larger process known as business continuity planning and includes planning for resumption of applications, data, hardware, electronic communications (such as networking) and other IT infrastructure.

See also: DR

Designated Manufacturing Inspection Representatives is an individual appointed in accordance with 14 CFR §183.31. A DMIR conducts conformity inspections during the manufacturing process. DMIRs also issue certificates such as airworthiness certificates for aircraft, export certificates for aircraft and parts, and special flight permits

See also: DMIR

Delegation of Authority

A domain controller (DC) is a server that responds to security authentication requests within a Windows Server domain. It is a server on a Microsoft Windows or Windows NT network that is responsible for allowing host access to Windows domain resources.

See also: DC

Distribution Requirements Plans (DRP) is a systematic process to make the delivery of goods more efficient by determining which goods, in what quantities, and at what location are required to meet anticipated demand.

See also: DRP

Distribution Resource Planning (DRP) is a method used in business administration for planning orders within a supply chain. DRP enables the user to set certain inventory control parameters (like a safety stock) and calculate the time-phased inventory requirements.

See also: DRP

DTI, the market-leading in-flight entertainment software division of Global Eagle Entertainment.

See also: DTI

European Avionics Safety Agency is an agency of the European Union with responsibility for civil aviation safety. It carries out certification, regulation, and standardization, and also performs investigation and monitoring.

See also: EASA

Engineering Change Management: The change management process in systems engineering is the process of requesting, determining attainability, planning, implementing, and evaluating of changes to a system. Its primary goals are to support the processing and traceability of changes to an interconnected set of factors.

See also: ECM

Engineering Change Notice: An Engineering Change Notice (ECN) is a document authorizing and recording design changes throughout the prototyping and life cycle phases of a product. ECN documentation contains the justification for changes made to a component or system once the initial design is complete.

See also: ECN

Engineering Change Order (ECO) are used for changes in components, assemblies, or documents such as processes and work instructions. They may also be used for changes in specifications. Lastly, it can be "a modification that will have an effect on a manufactured product or manufacturing process.

See also: ECO

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the concept of businesses electronically communicating information to that which was traditionally communicated on paper. The two classic examples of such information are purchase orders and invoices. Technical standards for EDI exist to facilitate parties transacting such instruments without having to make special arrangements

See also: EDI.

Electronic Data Processing (EDP) can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data. Typically, this uses relatively simple, repetitive activities to process large volumes of similar information.

See also: EDP

Entertainment In Motion (EIM) is part of the Global Eagle group, founded in 1988 and is the largest independent distributor of feature films and television content to the global airline and cruise ship markets as well as the US Military.

See also: EIM

Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) is any kind of information system, which improves the functions of enterprise business processes by integration. This means typically offering high quality of service, dealing with large volumes of data and capable of supporting some large and possibly complex organization or enterprise.

See also: EIS

An electronic flight bag (EFB) is an electronic information management device that helps flight crews perform flight management tasks more easily and efficiently with less paper. It is a general purpose computing platform intended to reduce, or replace, paper-based reference material often found in the pilot's carry-on flight bag, including the aircraft operating manual, flight-crew operating manual, and navigational charts (including moving map for air and ground operations).

See also: EFB

Executive Leadership Team

Emerging Markets Communications (EMC) a Global Eagle company is a premier provider of hybrid global satellite and terrestrial communications with a specialty in providing high-bandwidth Quality-of-Service MPLS connections for telepresence and HD video over satellite.

See also: EMC

Part of the Global Eagle group, Emphasis enjoys an excellent reputation as one of the world's leading distributors of Asian language content to the airline market, representing the finest Chinese, Japanese and Korean movies as well as television programming. With decades of experience, a Hong Kong location and key relationships with producers in the region, Emphasis is an extremely well positioned gateway to premium content and services.

See also: Emphasis Video

A Global Eagle company. Emphasis enjoys an excellent reputation as one of the world's leading distributors of Asian language content to the airline market, representing the finest Chinese, Japanese and Korean movies as well as television programming. With decades of experience, a Hong Kong location and key relationships with producers in the region, Emphasis is an extremely well positioned gateway to premium content and services.

See also Emphasis

Entice is Global Eagle’s next generation wireless IFE system for passengers devices. Passengers connect to Entice via their personal device. Entice allows users to create an account that enables continuity of viewing and ensures Entice can suggest content based on the passengers’ preferences and viewing history. See also: Entice

Earth Observation (EO) is the gathering of information about the physical, chemical, and biological systems of the planet via remote-sensing technologies, supplemented by Earth-surveying techniques, which encompasses the collection, analysis, and presentation of data.

See also EO

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is the integrated management of core business processes, often in real-time and mediated by software and technology.

See also: ERP

European Union Military Staff is the directorate-general of the European Union's (EU) External Action Service (EEAS) that contributes to the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP) by providing strategic advice to the High Representative (HR/VP) and commanding non-combat operations through its Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) operational headquarters.

See also: EUMS

The European Aviation Network combines high capacity satellite coverage with a complementary 4G LTE ground network to provide high-speed coverage across all 28 European Union states.

See also: EAN

In computing, Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3C's XML 1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML

See also: XML

This term represents the seller's minimum obligation, since he only has to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer. The buyer must carry out all tasks of export & import clearance. Carriage & insurance is to be arranged by the buyer.

This term means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. The seller is required to clear the goods for export. The buyer has to bear all costs & risks of loss or damage to the goods from that moment. This term can be used for ocean transport only.

Is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of (or one or more faults within) some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system in which even a small failure can cause a total breakdown.

See also: Fault Tolerant

This term means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. Seller pays for carriage to the named place.

Federal Communications Commission is an independent agency of the United States government to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself.

See also: FCC

FlightPath3D Moving Map & City Destination Guide. Global Eagle has selected the FlightPath3D Moving Map & City Destination Guide service from Betria Interactive to deliver a next-generation moving map and geotainment service on its wireless in-flight solutions.

See also: FlightPath3D

Free On Board is a trade term that indicates whether the seller or the buyer is liable for goods that are damaged or destroyed during shipping. "FOB shipping point" or "FOB origin" means the buyer is at risk once the seller ships the goods. "FOB destination" means the seller retains the risk of loss until the goods reach the buyer.

See also: FOB

Fixed Order Quantity is the inventory control system, wherein the maximum and minimum inventory levels are fixed and maximum and fixed amount of inventory can be replenished at a time when the inventory level reaches the auto set reorder point or the minimum stock level.

See also: FOQ

Financial Planning and Analysis

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a legal framework that sets guidelines for the collection and processing of personal information of individuals within the European Union (EU).

See also: GDPR

The GEE-Zinio alliance makes carry-on reading materials a thing of the past, with easy access to digital reading content. Zinio's in-flight entertainment licensing agreement adds the world's largest digital newsstand to the Global Eagle content library and puts the most popular magazine titles, such as Cosmopolitan, Forbes, Esquire, Condé Nast Traveler and National Geographic at the fingertips of millions of airline passengers.

See also: GEE-Zinio

A satellite orbiting the Earth 22,300 miles above the equator. The orbiting velocity matches the Earth's rotational speed, thereby making the satellite appear stationary with respect to Earth. Satellite positions match the degrees of longitude on the Earth beneath the satellite.

See also: GEO

An in-flight internet company.

See also: GoGo

Graphical Processing Unit. (GPU) is a computer chip that performs rapid mathematical calculations, primarily for the purpose of rendering images.

See also: GPU

Global System For Mobile Communications is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as tablets. It has become the global standard for mobile communications – with over 90% market share, operating in over 193 countries and territories.

See also: GSM

General Supplier Quality Requirements

High Powered Transceiver

Help Desk, Office of Information Technology Service Desk at +1 (954) 538-4357 (HELP), or via email: ITServiceDesk@globaleagle.com

Human Resource Management System is a form of HR software that combines a number of systems and processes to ensure the easy management of human resources, business processes, and data.

See also: HRMS

High Throughput Satellite. High-throughput satellite (HTS) is a classification for communications satellites that provide at least twice, though usually by a factor of 20 or more, the total throughput of a classic fixed-satellite service (FSS) satellite for the same amount of allocated orbital spectrum thus significantly reducing cost-per-bit.

See also: HTS

Global Eagle announced it is entering into an agreement with multi-screen platform developer i4Vu, Inc. to explore opportunities to bring a multi-screen content experience to travelers carrying devices.

See also: i4Vu

Identify And Access Management is a framework for business processes that facilitate the management of electronic or digital identities. The framework includes the organizational policies for managing digital identity as well as the technologies needed to support identity management

Installed Base: Oracle Install Base is an item instance lifecycle tracking application that facilitates enterprise-wide life cycle item management and tracking capability.

See also: IB

Instructions for Continued Airworthiness

See also: ICA

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) is a global association and organization of professionals working toward the development, implementation, and maintenance of technology-centered products and services. IEEE is a nonprofit organization founded in 1963.

See also: IEEE

In-flight Entertainment and Connectivity Portal

See also: IFExpress

International Flight Services Association.

See also: IFSA

Inventory Management is the supervision of non-capitalized assets (inventory) and stock items. A component of supply chain management, inventory management supervises the flow of goods from manufacturers to warehouses and from these facilities to the point of sale.

See also: IM

Incoterms are a set of rules which define the responsibilities of sellers and buyers for the delivery of goods under sales contracts. Shippers worldwide use standard trade definitions (called Incoterms) to spell out who’s responsible for the shipping, insurance, and tariffs on an item; they’re commonly used in international contracts and are protected by International Chamber of Commerce copyright. Incoterms significantly reduce misunderstandings among traders and thereby minimize trade disputes and litigation. Familiarize yourself with Incoterms so you can choose terms that will enable you to provide excellent customer service and clearly define who is responsible for which charges.

See also: Incoterms

International Maritime Satellite Organization is a provider of mobile satellite communications.

See also: Inmarsat

(ICAO) is a UN specialized agency, established by States in 1944 to manage the administration and governance of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention).

See also: ICAO

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.

See also: ISO

There are two types of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic. They are TCP or Transmission Control Protocol and UDP or User Datagram Protocol. TCP is connection oriented – once a connection is established, data can be sent bidirectionally. UDP is a simpler, connectionless Internet protocol. Multiple messages are sent as packets in chunks using UDP.

See also: IP

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity which enables these things to connect and exchange data, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits and reduced human exertions.

See also: IoT

IQNet is an international network of partner certification bodies. Since being estabilished in 1990, IQNet has remained the world's largest network of leading certification bodies; with numerous partners spanning hundreds of offices and subsidiaries throughout the globe.

See also: IQNet

Initial Release

ISO 9001 is the international standard that specifies requirements for a quality management system (QMS). Organizations use the standard to demonstrate the ability to consistently provide products and services that meet customer and regulatory requirements.

IT service management (ITSM) refers to the entirety of activities – directed by policies, organized and structured in processes and supporting procedures – that are performed by an organization to design, plan, deliver, operate and control information technology (IT) services offered to customers.

See also: ITSM

The JBoss Enterprise Application Platform (or JBoss EAP) is a subscription-based/open-source Java EE-based application server runtime platform used for building, deploying, and hosting highly transactional Java applications and services.

See also: JBoss

Just-in-Time: Companies employ this inventory strategy to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs. This method requires that producers are able to accurately forecast demand.

See also: JIT

A joint venture (JV) is a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task.

See also: JV

(JavaScript Object Notation) Is a lightweight data-interchange format. It is easy for humans to read and write. It is easy for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset of the JavaScript Programming Language. JSON is a text format that is completely language independent but uses conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C-family of languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python, and many others. These properties make JSON an ideal data-interchange language.

See also: JSON

Global Eagle's adoption of the Hughes JUPITER Aero system allows Global Eagle airline customers and passengers to receive the highest speeds in the industry while at the same time enjoying improved operating economics. The JUPITER Aero system delivers extremely fast and consistent beam and satellite times. Together these attributes enable a superior user experience. Global Eagle's first deployment of the Jupiter Aero system will be in support of international airline routes, with plans to expand.

See also: JUPITER

The Ka-band (pronounced as either "kay-ay band" or "ka band") is a portion of the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum defined as frequencies in the range 26.5–40 gigahertz (GHz)

See also: Ka-band

Global Eagle is the technology partner for KID-Systeme's SKYfi Club platform, which has been selected by Saudia to provide premium content streaming as linefit across its fleet of 20 A330 and 30 A320 aircraft.

See also: SKYfi

The Ku band is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies from 12 to 18 gigahertz (GHz).

See also: Ku band

Low-Earth Orbit Satellite (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with an altitude of 2,000 km (1,200 mi) or less and with an orbital period of between about 84 and 127 minutes. (LEOs) are often deployed in satellite constellations, because the coverage area provided by a single LEO satellite only covers a small area that moves as the satellite travels at the high angular velocity needed to maintain its orbit. Many LEO satellites are needed to maintain continuous coverage over an area. This contrasts with geostationary satellites, where a single satellite, moving at the same angular velocity as the rotation of the Earth's surface, provides permanent coverage over a large area. 

See also: LEO

Level of Effort.

See also: LOE

A Global Eagle content agreement with leading travel publisher Lonely Planet to add dozens of insightful destination travel guides and travel tip booklets to GEE's in-flight entertainment (IFE) platform serving airlines across the globe.

See also: Lonely Planet

Line Replacement Unit is a piece of hardware that can be exchanged for a replacement part in a relatively short time by only opening and closing fasteners and connectors. You will find the term LRU in avionics but also in ATC hardware.

Lot Serial Number: A serial number is a unique number assigned to identify a specific item. A lot number is an identification number assigned to products indicating the batch or lot in which the product was manufactured or processed.

See also: LSN

The LUCD (last unit completion date) is the date and time you plan to complete production of the last assembly on a repetitive schedule.

See also LUCD

Last Unit Start Date is the date and time you plan to begin production of the last assembly on a repetitive schedule. ... This date equals the FUSD plus the lead time. The LUCD (last unit completion date) is the date and time you plan to complete production of the last assembly on a repetitive schedule.

See also: LUSD

Mean Absolute Deviation

See also: MAD

Global Eagle announced a new partnership with the world's fastest-growing, cross-platform digital newsstand, Magzter, to provide a catalog of thousands of regional and international digital magazines for in-flight entertainment.

See also: Magzter

MTN, a Global Eagle brand, is the premier global provider of communications, connectivity, and content services for superyachts around the world.

See also: MTN

Global Eagle’s MASFLIGHT platform enables aviation big data solutions with insightful business intelligence that drives results. The MASFLIGHT platform offers a single source for operations data in real-time for day-of decision-making and historic data for predictive analytics.

See also: masFlight

Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning, scheduling, and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes.

See also: MRP

Maritime Communications System

See also: MCS

Master Demand Schedule is a statement of demand and contains details of the anticipated shipment schedule.

See also: MDS

Modem Data Unit

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), sometimes called intermediate circular orbit (ICO), is the region of space around Earth above low Earth orbit (altitude of 2,000 km (1,243 mi) above sea level) and below geostationary orbit (altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above sea level).

See also: MEO

Maritime mobile-satellite service (MMSS is a mobile-satellite service in which mobile earth stations are located on board ships; survival craft stations and emergency position-indicating radiobeacon stations may also participate in this service.

See also: MMSS

Mobile Network Operator also known as a wireless service provider, wireless carrier, cellular company, or mobile network carrier, is a provider of wireless communications services that owns or controls all the elements necessary to sell and deliver services to an end user including radio spectrum allocation, wireless network infrastructure, backhaul infrastructure, billing, customer care, provisioning computer systems and marketing and repair organizations.

See also: MNO

Memo of Understanding (MOU) is a nonbinding agreement between two or more parties outlining the terms and details of an understanding, including each parties' requirements and responsibilities. An MOU is often the first stage in the formation of a formal contract.

See also: MOU

Advanced Video Coding (MPEG-4 AVC) is a block-oriented motion-compensation-based video compression standard. As of 2014, it is one of the most commonly used formats for the recording, compression, and distribution of video content.

See also: MPEG-4 Part 10

Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul: MRO is any action that helps keep or restore an item to its working condition. A wide variety of nondestructive testing (NDT), remote visual inspection (RVI), and visual inspection techniques can be used. Planned, Predictive, Preventative, Non-routine, and Shutdown maintenance are the primary forms of an overhaul.

See also: MRO

Material Resource Planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system. An MRP integrates data from production schedules with that from inventory and the bill of materials (BOM) to calculate purchasing and shipping schedules for the parts or components required to build a product.

See also: MRP

Maritime Telecommunications Network (MTN), a Global Eagle brand, is the premier global provider of communications, connectivity, and content services for superyachts around the world.

See also: MTN See also: About us

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy.

See also: NAICS

When an Artificial Intelligenge is trained to interpret human communication, it’s called natural language processing. This is useful for chatbots and translation services, but it’s also represented at the cutting edge by AI assistants like Alexa and Siri.

See also: NLP

A Global Eagle product, NAVAERO provides tablet-based and aircraft-dedicated Electronic Flight Bag systems to airlines as tools for increasing their operational efficiency and solving problems more effectively.

See also: NAVAERO

National Cyber Security & Communications Integration Center: The NCCIC serves as a central location where a diverse set of partners involved in cybersecurity and communications protection coordinate and synchronizes their efforts. NCCIC's partners include other government agencies, the private sector, and international entities. Working closely with its partners, NCCIC analyzes cybersecurity and communications information, shares timely and actionable information, and coordinates response, mitigation, and recovery efforts.

See also: NCCIC

NFV essentially removes network functions from boxes located everywhere, and replaces them with pieces of software that operate where and as needed within the cloud network. Where networking devices were once purchased with particular features and capabilities, now these capabilities are essentially invoked by software, and modified as needed using standard off the shelf hardware, changing the functionality of the device based on the networking tasks required, i.e. mesh or star, shared or dedicated, router or firewall, etc.

See also: NFV

A network operations center (NOC), pronounced like the word knock), also known as a "network management center," is one or more locations from which network monitoring and control, or network management, is exercised over a computer, telecommunication or satellite network.

See also: NOC

No Fault Found (NFF), No Trouble Found (NTF) or No Defect Found (NDF) are terms used in the field of maintenance, where a unit is removed from service following a complaint of a perceived fault by operators or an alarm from its BIT (built-in test) equipment. The unit is then checked, but no anomaly is detected by the maintainer. Consequently, the unit is returned to service with no repair performed.

See also: NFF

Non-Geostationary-Orbit: A geostationary orbit is an orbit of the Earth that is circular, over the equator, and at the right distance to have a period of 24 hours. A satellite in such an orbit appears to hang motionless, always at the same point in the sky. Anything else is a non-geostationary orbit. A satellite in one of those appears to move in the sky, so that if you want to communicate with it, you need a movable dish.

See also: NGSO

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the ability of a computer program to understand human language as it is spoken. NLP is a component of artificial intelligence (AI).

See also: NLP

The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy.

See also: NAICS

Global Eagle has signed a multi-year strategic partnership agreement with Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings (NCLH) to enhance internet and entertainment services across its Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) brand's fleet of 14 ships.

See also: NCLH

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) is a company that produces parts and equipment that may be marketed by another manufacturer. For example, if Acme Manufacturing Co. makes power cords that are used on IBM computers, Acme is an OEM.

See also: OEM

Is the technology behind many Business Intelligence (BI) applications. OLAP is a powerful technology for data discovery, including capabilities for limitless report viewing, complex analytical calculations, and predictive “what if” scenario (budget, forecast) planning.

See also: OLAP

Is a business intelligence system for the enterprise that delivers abilities for reporting, ad hoc query and analysis, online analytical processing (OLAP), dashboards, and scorecards.

See also: OBIEE

Outside Processing is a subcontracting process where certain operations in a process routing are performed by the subcontractor. This process can be leveraged by manufacturers who do not always have the capabilities or equipment to perform all the steps in their manufacturing process to produce their products.

See also: OSP

Operating Unit is a subsidiary of any corporation that is run like an independent company. An operating unit has its own structures, assets, and liabilities, distinct from those of the parent corporation.

See also: OU

Profit and Loss Statement

Purchase Order is a commercial document and first official offer issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services. It is used to control the purchasing of products and services from external suppliers.

See also: P/O

The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) is an information security standard for organizations that handle branded credit cards from the major card schemes. The PCI Standard is mandated by the card brands and administered by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council.

See also: PCI

Plan-Do-Check-Act is an iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continual improvement of processes and products.

See also: PDCA

Product Life Cycle Management: In industry, product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from inception, through engineering design and manufacture, to service and disposal of manufactured products.

See also: PLM

Parts Manufacturing Approval is an approval granted by the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to a manufacturer of aircraft parts.

See also: PMA

A Global Eagle acquisition expands and strengthens Global Eagle's relationships with airlines around the world and provides entry into the cruise line industry and other non-theatrical markets. PMG is a leading provider of video production, post-production, and digital content delivery services spanning TV shows, feature films, commercials, home video and live news broadcasts, as well as multi-language media for use in in-flight entertainment systems.

See also: PMG

Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics.

See also: PPM

PRIVA will replace the former MTN brand, which pioneered the first connections from ships and yachts via satellite to the global internet infrastructure. MTN began in 1980 and installed the first satellite links on board a yacht in 2003. It was acquired by EMC in 2015, and EMC was acquired by Global Eagle in 2016.

See also: PRIVA

Pick to Order: The order picking or order preparation operation is one of a logistic warehouse's processes. It consists in taking and collecting articles in a specified quantity before shipment to satisfy customers' orders. It is a basic warehousing process and has an important influence on supply chain's productivity.

See also: PTO

Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming An interpreted language, Python has a design philosophy that emphasizes code readability (notably using whitespace indentation to delimit code blocks rather than curly brackets or keywords), and a syntax that allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than might be used in languages such as C++ or Java. It provides constructs that enable clear programming on both small and large scales.

See also: Python

Quality Assurance is the maintenance of a desired level of quality in a service or product, especially by means of attention to every stage of the process of delivery or production.

See also: QA

A leading developer of high-performance antenna systems. Global Eagle is jointly designing a new in-flight connectivity antenna with QEST Quantenelektronische Systeme GmbH, a leading developer of high-performance antenna systems. The new global antenna will provide airlines with a high-speed in-flight connectivity solution that operates reliably at all latitudes, including equatorial regions, where Ku and/or Ku High Throughput Satellite (Ku HTS) coverage is available.

See also: QUEST

Quality Management System (QMS) is a formalized system that documents processes, procedures, and responsibilities for achieving quality policies and objectives

See also: QMS

Quality of Experience (QoE, less frequently QoX or QX) is a measure of the delight or annoyance of a customer's experiences with a service (e.g., web browsing, phone call, TV broadcast). QoE focuses on the entire service experience; it is a holistic concept, similar to the field of User Experience, but with its roots in telecommunication.

See also: QoE

QYOU catalog and new production targeting distinct passengers with peppy morning, family afternoon and late-night styled content. The video segments will cover various categories including extreme sports, artist spotlights, dance, beauty, and comedy.

See also: QYOU

Rough Cut Capacity Planning (RCCP) verifies that you have sufficient capacity available to meet the capacity requirements for your master schedules. RCCP is a long-term plan capacity-planning tool that marketing and production use to balance required and available capacity and to negotiate changes to the master schedule and/or available capacity.

See also: RCCP

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft, which provides a user with a graphical interface to connect to another computer over a network connection. The user employs RDP client software for this purpose, while the other computer must run RDP server software.

See also: RDP

Request for Proposal (RFP) is a document that solicits proposal, often made through a bidding process, by an agency or company interested in procurement of a commodity, service, or valuable asset, to potential suppliers to submit business proposals.

See also: RFP

Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA), return authorization (RA) or return goods authorization (RGA) is a part of the process of returning a product to receive a refund, replacement, or repair during the product's warranty period.

See also: RMA

Global Eagle acquired certain assets from RMG bolstering GEE's already strong presence for in-flight advertising and sponsorship. By acquiring the rights to certain technologies and onboarding key personnel, GEE now offers airlines and advertisers a more robust foundation from which to serve advertising and sponsorship opportunities via digital media, in either a connected or offline environment, seatback screen entertainment and digital signage in airline lounges.

See also: RMG

Row 44, Inc. acquired by Global Eagle provides satellite-based in-flight broadband for commercial aircraft – a wireless hotspot in the sky. The solution provides passengers with connectivity and in-flight entertainment while providing operations data and other services to cockpit and crew.

See also: Row 44

Resource Requirements Planning is to plan the requirements of productive resources including machine/equipment, workers, fund based on the Production Plan.

See also: RRP

Repair Station Quality Manual

See also: RSQM

Sales Order is a confirmation document sent to the customers before delivering the goods or services. Sales Order (SO) can be created once the quote is accepted by the prospective customer (potential) and the Purchase Order (PO) is sent by the customer for further processing.

See also: S/O

A storage area network (SAN) is a network which provides access to consolidated, block level data storage. SANs are primarily used to enhance storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical jukeboxes, accessible to servers so that the devices appear to the operating system as locally attached devices.

See also: SAN

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 is a United States federal law that set new or expanded requirements for all U.S. public company boards, management, and public accounting firms.

See also: SOX

Satellite Communications

The S-band is a designation by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for a part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum covering frequencies from 2 to 4 gigahertz (GHz)

See also: S-band

Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is an open standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files.

See also: SVG

Supply Chain Management is the broad range of activities required to plan, control and execute a product's flow, from acquiring raw materials and production through distribution to the final customer, in the most streamlined and cost-effective way possible.

See also: SCM

Searchlight will invest $150 million of new capital into Global Eagle. Searchlight will receive $150 million aggregate principal amount of the Company's new second-lien notes due June 30, 2023.

See also: Searchlight

SES-14 is a high-powered hybrid satellite with C- and Ku-band wide beam coverage and both Ku- and Ka-band High Throughput Satellite (HTS) coverage across the Americas and North Atlantic region. SES-15 will provide complementary coverage over North America, enabling SES to serve its leading aeronautical customers and serve other traffic-intensive data applications such as government, VSAT networks and maritime. SES-12 will expand SES's capabilities to provide Mobility and HTS data connectivity services in the Asia-Pacific region, along with direct-to-home (DTH) broadcasting and VSAT.

See also: SES

SG&A (alternately SGA, SAG or SGNA) is an acronym used in accounting to refer to Selling, General and Administrative Expenses, which is a major non-production cost presented in an income statement (statement of profit or loss).

A specialist in air transport communications and information technology. Works with air transport owners and members to provide technology solutions that make a difference at a community level.

See also: SITA

SITAONAIR provides in-flight connectivity, applications, and services which give airlines a comprehensive set of benefits, such as optimized maintenance procedures and flight dispatching with real-time tracking and weather data services, streamlined cabin and cockpit operations and a personalized passenger experience, while providing Wi-Fi, mobile connectivity, and in-flight entertainment.

See also: SITAONAIR

Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a commitment between a service provider and a client. Particular aspects of the service – quality, availability, responsibilities – are agreed between the service provider and the service user.

See also: SLA

Senior Leadership Team

is a mechanism that separates the data plane and control plane, permitting decision making to be centralized and performed via a programmable interface. SDN is a term that encompasses several network technologies. The aim is to make the entire network operate similar to a modern data center with its virtualized server and storage infrastructure.

See also: SDN

Statement of Objectives is one part of a Request for Proposal from the U.S. Government. The Statement of Objectives is an alternative to a government prepared Statement Of Work (SOW). A SOO provides the Government's overall objectives and the offeror's required support to achieve the contractual objectives.

See also: SOO

Is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. The verb "to stream" refers to the process of delivering or obtaining media in this manner; the term relates to the delivery method of the medium, rather than the medium itself, and is an alternative to file downloading, a process in which the end-user obtains the entire file for the content before watching or listening to it. A client end-user can use their media player to begin to play the data file (such as a digital file of a movie or song) before the entire file has been transmitted.

See also: Streaming Media

A supplemental type certificate (STC) is a national aviation authority-approved major modification or repair to an existing type certified aircraft, engine or propeller. As it adds to the existing type certificate, it is deemed "supplemental."

See also: STC

Scalable Vector Graphics. Is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation.

See also: SVG

Low Cost, Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) refer to arguably the most important specification in new product, project, or platform definition. Nearly all new developments, whether shipboard, airborne, terrestrial, man carried, or hand carried, share a common requirement: make it smaller, make it use less of the available resources, and make it contribute more to the overall system functionality.

See also: SWaP

A system on a chip or system on chip (SoC or SOC) is an integrated circuit (also known as an "IC" or "chip") that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic systems.

See also: SoC

Time and Materials is a standard phrase in a contract for construction, product development or any other piece of work in which the employer agrees to pay the contractor based upon the time spent by the contractor's employees and subcontractors employees to perform the work, and for materials used in the construction (plus the contractor's mark up on the materials used), no matter how much work is required to complete construction.

See also: T & M

A telecommunications port—or, more commonly, teleport—is a satellite ground station that functions as a hub connecting a satellite or geocentric orbital network with a terrestrial telecommunications network, such as the Internet.

See also: Teleport

Telesat is a leading global satellite operator, providing satellite-delivered communications solutions worldwide to broadcast, telecom, corporate and government customers. Headquartered in Ottawa, Canada, with offices and facilities around the world, the company’s state-of-the-art fleet consists of 17 GEO satellites, the Canadian payload on ViaSat-1 and one Phase 1 LEO satellite which is the start of Telesat’s planned global LEO satellite constellation that will offer low latency, high throughput broadband services. 

See also: Telesat

Time fences are boundaries between different periods in the planning horizon. They define short-term regions within which planning restrictions minimize costly disruption to shop floor and supplier schedules.

See also: Time fence

Global Eagle Entertainment Inc. and Time Inc. have signed a worldwide agreement that will allow Global Eagle to distribute Time Inc.-produced programming to the airline, cruise, and maritime audiences under the newly created “TIME Flies” brand.

See also: TIME Flies

Training Program Manual is a book or booklet of instructions, designed to improve the quality of a performed task. Training manuals are widely used, including in business and the military. A training manual may be particularly useful as an introduction to subject matter prior to training.

See also: TPM

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India

See also: TRAI

Transport Layer Security (TLS) – and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), which is now deprecated – are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network.

See also: TLS

Technical Review Board is a form of peer review in which "a team of qualified personnel examines the suitability of the software product for its intended use and identifies discrepancies from specifications and standards.

See also: TRB

Technical Reference Manual / Material is a user guide or user's guide, also commonly known as a manual, is a technical communication document intended to give assistance to people using a particular system.

See also: TRM

Technical Services Agreement means the services agreement entered into by and between Sellers and Buyer pursuant to which Sellers shall provide to Buyer technical assistance services in order for Buyer to process and duplicate the technology.

See also: TSA

Telecommunications Service Ordering (TSO) solution enables you (or customers themselves, in self-service online mode) to create new or update existing configurations of telecommunication equipment and services by moving, adding, changing, or disconnecting a customer's services and equipment.

See also: TSO

uGovernIT is Global Eagle’s information technology ERP system.

See also: Login See also: UGIT

uGovernIT is Global Eagle’s information technology ERP system.

See also: Login See also: UGIT

Global Eagle and UIEvolution, Inc., a global leader in highly scalable connected device software solutions for the Cruise, Hospitality and Automotive industries, announced a strategic partnership to offer the first fully integrated end-to-end solution for onboard passenger experiences to the maritime market.

See also UIEvolution, Inc

Unit of Measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law that is used as a standard for measurement of the same quantity. Any other value of that quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement.

See also: UOM

Unit of Purchase: A unit of measure is assigned to all inventory items and must be defined before a product can be entered. Each product will have a stocking unit of measure, sales ordering unit of measure and a purchasing unit of measure.

See also: UOP

Universal Product Code is a barcode symbology that is used for tracking trade items in stores.

See also: UPC

Viasat Inc. is a communications company based in Carlsbad, California, with additional operations across the United States and worldwide. Viasat is a provider of high-speed satellite broadband services and secure networking systems covering military and commercial markets.

See also: Viasat

Video on demand (display) (VOD) are systems, which allow users to select and watch/listen to video or audio content such as movies and TV shows when they choose to, rather than having to watch at a specific broadcast time, which was the prevalent approach with over-the-air broadcasting during much of the 20th century.

See also: VOD

Virtual Network Operator or Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) is a provider of management services and a reseller of network services from other telecommunications suppliers that does not own the telecommunication infrastructure. These network providers are categorized as virtual because they provide network services to customers without owning the underlying network. A VNO typically leases bandwidth at the wholesale rates from various telecom providers in order to provide solutions to their customers.

See also: VNO

VSAT is a technology that represents another option for Internet connectivity in extremely remote areas and distant field locations. (VSAT) is technology that is commonly referred to as a private earth station. The earth station is designed to transmit and receive data signals via a satellite signal. VSAT includes the term “very small” which refers to the size of the antenna on the VSAT dish.

See also: VSAT

Work Order is usually a task or a job for a customer, which can be scheduled or assigned to someone. Such an order may be from a customer request or created internally within the organization. Work Orders may also be created as follow-ups to Inspections or Audits. A work order may be for products or services.

See also: W/O

Global Eagle signed a partnership agreement with Waterfall, the leading cloud mobile marketing platform, to support advertisers running campaigns on GEE's AIRTIME platform in executing mobile customer engagement strategies.

See also Waterfall

Work in Progress (WIP) is a production and supply-chain management term describing partially finished goods awaiting completion. WIP refers to the raw materials, labor, and overhead costs incurred for products that are at various stages of the production process.

See also: WIP

Wireless and content solutions for system integrators & MROs. Included in the AIRworks family, WISE is Global Eagle’s award-winning end-to-end software and content solution for system integrators and operators of maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) services. WISE is integrated into wireless in-flight entertainment products developed by GEE's third-party strategic partners, providing the wireless IFE backbone to their solutions.

See also: WISE

Western Outdoor Interactive (a Global Eagle Company) has been a strategic partner to airlines and system providers for the delivery of In-flight Entertainment and Services. Our key business areas include Development of Software Applications, Creation of Games, and Content for IFE systems.

World Teleport Association (WTA) has been the only trade association that focuses on the business of satellite communications from the ground up. At the core of its membership are the world's most innovative operators of teleports, from independents to multinationals, niche service providers to global hybrid carriers. See also: WTA

Global Eagle has a long-standing expertise in maximizing an airline's IFE system through engaging in-flight catalogs that include browsing, meal selection, and buy-on-board features.

See also: AIRmeal

Capacity Requirements Planning is the process by which a company figures out how much it needs to produce, and determines if it is capable of meeting those production goals

See also: CRP

Business Knowledge for the Global Media, Entertainment & Technology Community.

See also: IBC

Designed for optimum telephone (SATCOM) and television (DBS) reception via satellite, Aerospace radomes have Quartz / Epoxy construction providing superior signal transparency, improved impact resistance, greater durability, and easier maintenance. 

See also: Radomes

A Global Eagle partner. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics is the world's leading producer of engineered, high-performance polymer products, making a positive difference in virtually every major industry across the globe— from the bearings and seals found on Formula 1 race cars to radomes that protect radar devices on commercial and military aircraft.

See also: Saint-Gobain

Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) is a measure of a company's operating performance. Essentially, it's a way to evaluate a company's performance without having to factor in financing decisions, accounting decisions or tax environments.

Global Eagle has what is inarguably the world’s coolest and most beautiful WiFi testbed aircraft, in the form of “Albatross One” — a 1951 Grumman Albatross seaplane. Albatross One has proven invaluable in testing new and improved in-flight technologies before we bring them to market. A unique benefit of using the Grumman Albatross is that it exhibits intense vibrations that normal aircraft do not experience, thereby simulating a “worst case” scenario that ensures that we can provide our airline partners with a highly dependable system. We have also found that a constant program of test flying is vital in helping us maintain a stellar in-flight entertainment service for our customers. 

See also: Albatross One

Global Eagle Services

An aircraft's tail group, includes rudder and fin, and stabilizer and elevator.

Federal Air Regulation

FAR Part 91  -  General Aviation (portions apply to all operators)
FAR Part 103 - Ultralight Vehicles
FAR Part 105 - Parachute Jumping
FAR Part 108 - Airplane Operator Security
FAR Part 119 - Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators
FAR Part 121 - Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Air Carriers and Commercial Operators of Large Aircraft
FAR Part 123 - Travel Clubs
FAR Part 125 - US Civil Airplanes, seating 20 or more passengers or a maximum payload capacity 6,000# or more
FAR Part 127 - Air Carriers using helicopters for scheduled interstate flights (within the 48 contiguous states)
FAR Part 129 - Foreign Air Carrier and Foreign Operators of US registered aircraft engaged in common carriage
FAR Part 133 - Rotorcraft External Load Operations
FAR Part 135 - Air Taxi Operators and Commercial Operators
FAR Part 137 - Agricultural Aircraft Operations
FAR Part 141 - Pilot School

An aircraft's main body structure housing the flight crew, passengers, and cargo and to which the wings, tail and, in most single-engined airplanes, engine are attached.

Global Positioning System; satellite-based navigation.

The common network of US airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules, regulations and procedures, technical information, and human resources and material. Included are system components shared jointly with the military.

Code designated by IATA to identify an airlines (eg. QF for Qantas Airways).

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is the trade association for the world’s airlines, representing some 290 airlines or 82% of total air traffic. We support many areas of aviation activity and help formulate industry policy on critical aviation issues.

See also: IATA

The document made out by or on behalf of the shipper which, when used, evidences the contract between the shipper and carrier(s) for carriage of goods over routes of the carrier(s).

 

See Airlines for America

An air carrier holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity issued by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) to conduct scheduled services interstate and, when authorized, to overseas locations. These carriers may also conduct nonscheduled or charter operations.

The compilation of regulations of all U.S. government departments and agencies that are currently in effect. The FAA Federal Air Regulations are part of the Code of Federal Regulations.

Airworthiness Directives ( ADs ) are legally enforceable rules issued by the FAA in accordance with 14 CFR part 39 to correct an unsafe condition in a product. 14 CFR part 39 defines a product as an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance.

See also: ADs

Avionics are the computers and other electronic systems that monitor and control an aircraft's electrical and mechanical systems.

The airframe is the fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, and airfoil
surfaces of an aircraft.

Aircraft Communication and Addressing Reporting System. 

In aviation, ACARS an acronym for aircraft communications addressing and reporting system) is a digital datalink system for transmission of short messages between aircraft and ground stations via airband radio or satellite. The protocol was designed by ARINC and deployed in 1978, using the Telex format. More ACARS radio stations were added subsequently by SITA.

See also: ACARS

Aircraft

Designated Engineering Representatives. Engineering and Flight Test designees are responsible for finding that engineering data complies with the appropriate airworthiness standards. These designees are called Designated Engineering Representatives, or DERs.

See also: DER

Engineering request for maintenance

Quality and compliance monitoring

With increasing in-service experience, the type certificate holder may find ways to improve the original design resulting in either lower maintenance costs or increased performance. These improvements (normally involving some alterations) are suggested through service bulletins to their customers as optional (and may be extra cost) items. The customers may exercise their discretion whether or not to incorporate the bulletins. Sometimes SBs can become mandated by relevant ADs.

 

See also: Type Certificate

Statement of Work - The statement of work includes an objectives section allowing the customer to emphasize the desired end state or performance metric to be achieved. It also mandates the assessment of past performance, technical approach and cost for each task order. The customer determines the relative importance of each criterion.

Type Certificate

See Also Type Certificate

A Technical Standard Order (TSO) is a minimum performance standard issued by the United States Federal Aviation Administration for specified materials, parts, processes, and appliances used on civil aircraft. Articles with TSO design approval are eligible for use on the United States type certified products by following a much lighter process than similar non-TSO approved part, provided the TSO standard meets the aircraft requirements[1]. The TSO authorization (also called TSOA) or a letter of TSO Design Approval does not necessarily convey approval for installation. See 14 CFR Part 21 Subpart O

 

See also: TSO

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic layers is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as smartphones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid-state lighting applications.

 

See also: OLED

Value Added Reseller (VAR). A value-added reseller (VAR) is a company that adds features or services to an existing product, then resells it (usually to end-users) as an integrated product or complete "turn-key" solution. ... VARs incorporate platform software into their own software product packages.

Air-to-ground communication is the means by which people on the ground and those in airborne vehicles communicate with each other. 

 

See also: ATG

A Global Eagle partner is an infrastructure operator, technology integrator and supplier of value-added services.

See also: Orange Business Services

American Aviation Institute (AAI). The American Aviation Institute is an independent think tank for commercial aviation based in Washington, D.C. AAI draws on business, academic, regulatory and consumer perspectives to analyze airline, airport and government practices and policies, and makes specific, quantitative recommendations for the industry's improvement.

See also: AAI

SKYKIGHTS a strategic relationship with Global Eagle to advance commercialization of video headset technology and immersive inflight entertainment (IFE) solutions.

See also: SKYKIGHTS

Seatrade Cruise Global

See also: Seatrade Cruise Global

Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). The Civil Aviation Administration of China, formerly the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, is the aviation authority under the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China. It oversees civil aviation and investigates aviation accidents and incidents.

See also: CAAC

World Teleport Association (WTA). Since 1985, the World Teleport Association (WTA) has been the only trade association that focuses on the business of satellite communications from the ground up. At the core of its membership are the world's most innovative operators of teleports, from independents to multinationals, niche service providers to global hybrid carriers. 

See also: WTA

SES S.A. is a communications satellite owner and operator providing video and data connectivity worldwide to broadcasters, content and internet service providers, mobile and fixed network operators, governments and institutions.

See also: SES

Broadband Satellite Systems provider.

See also: Hughes 

Star Alliance has 28 member airlines, each with its own distinctive culture and style of service. Alliance members come together to offer smooth connections across a vast global network. A project company based in Frankfurt, Germany, coordinates Star Alliance activities.

 

See also: Star Alliance

STX Entertainment is an American entertainment and media company that creates, produces, distributes, finances and markets film, television and digital media. STX Entertainment has partnered with Global Eagle whereby motion pictures and television programming produced and acquired by STX will be presented inflight on airlines around the world. 

See also: STX

 

Is a JAL subsidiary managing Japan Airlines (JAL) IFE operations. Global Eagle announced a multi-year renewal of its strategic content services agreement with JAL Brand Communications, LTD.

See also: JAL

Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) is a statistical, non-static advantage that enables dynamic changes in user throughput. Benefits and value vary over time and are not guaranteed, but are predictable. ACM technology converts link margin to an increase in the data throughput of satellite links.

See also: ACM

Thaicom Public Company Limited has focused on innovating in business and technology, creating knowledge, and leveraging expertise and resources to raise the bar within the satellite and communications industries.

See also: Thaicom

China Satellite Communications Co., Ltd. known as China Satcom is a Chinese aerospace company that provides satellite communications and broadcasting services. Signs Memo of Understanding With Global Eagle to Support In-Flight Connectivity Services in the People's Republic of China

See also: China Satcom

Satbeams.com is global reference website that provides consolidated information about the Geostationary/Communications satellites, their technical details, coverage zones and frequency charts.

See also: Satbeams.com

Intelsat operates the world’s first Globalized Network, delivering high-quality, cost-effective video and broadband services anywhere in the world.

See also: Intelsat 

 

ABS delivers satellite services across the Americas, Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, Russia, and CIS countries. Operating a fleet of six satellites, serving 93 percent of the world.

See also: ABS

 

Amos-Spacecom is a fixed-satellite operator and satellite service provider, offering tailored end-to-end communication solutions to the Media and Broadband industries. Operating the advanced AMOS satellite fleet, Spacecom provides innovative broadcast and broadband satellite services with Pan-European, Pan-African, Middle Eastern, Russian and Asian coverage and cross-region connectivity.

See also: Amos-Spacecom

Arabsat is a leading satellite services provider in the Arab world, it carries over 500 TV channels, 200 radio stations, pay-tv networks and a wide variety of HD channels reaching more than 80 countries across the Middle East, Africa and Europe.

See also: Arabsat 

Asiasat currently operates 7 satellites, including AsiaSat 3S, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and the new AsiaSat 9.

See also, Asiasat

APT Satellite through a fleet of powerful APSTAR satellites that covers more than 75% of the world’s population, and terrestrial facility and network, APSTAR delivers satellite communications and value-added services for a wide range of broadcasters, telecom operators and service providers.

See also: APT 

Eutelsat is a leading satellite operator in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.

See also: Eutelsat

Gazprom Space Systems is one of the two Russian national satellite operators and one of about 50 satellite operators in the world.

See also: Gazprom 

Hellas Sat is a premium satellite communications solutions provider and acquired by Arabsat.

See also: Hellas Sat

HISPASAT is the Spanish satellite communications operator, leader in the distribution of content in Spanish and Portuguese.

See also: HISPASAT 

Headquartered in Moscow, Intersputnik’s core business is satellite capacity leasing to telecommunications companies, broadcasters and corporate customers under contracts with satellite system operators. 

See also: Intersputnik 

KoreaSat is a satellite owner and provider of services.

See also: KoreaSat 

Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML), pronounced sam-el) is an open standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between systems and applications, in particular, between an identity provider and a service provider.

 
See also: SAML

ARSAT is an Argentian company responsible for providing telecommunications services through a combination of terrestrial, air and space infrastructures.
 

See also: ARSAT

Nilesat, an Egyptian company, provides digital television, radio and information network services across the Middle East and Africa.

See also: Nilesat

Optus is the second largest telecommunications company in Australia providing broadband and entertainment services.

See also: Optus

Paksat operates PakSat Multi-Mission Satelite 1 and provides broadcast, telecommunications, and broadband multimedia services to the four continents, and direct-to-home broadcast services to Pakistan.

See also: Paksat 

QuetzSat is a Mexican media organization, with interests in TV stations, publishing and corporate satellite networks.

See also: QuetzSat

Russian Satellite Communications Company (RSCC), owns satellite and teleports providing digital broadcasting and telecom services to fifty-two countries. 

See also: RSCC

 

A spot beam, in telecommunications parlance, is a satellite signal that is specially concentrated in power (i.e. sent by a high-gain antenna) so that it will cover only a limited geographic area on Earth. Spot beams are used so that only earth stations in a particular intended reception area can properly receive the satellite signal.

See also: Spot Beam

Thales Alenia Space is a Franco-Italian aerospace manufacturer formed after the Thales Group bought the participation of Alcatel in the two joint-ventures between Alcatel and Leonardo, Alcatel Alenia Space and Telespazio. The company is Europe's largest satellite manufacturer.

See also: Thales also: Thales Alenia Space

Maxar Technologies Ltd., formerly MacDonald, Dettwiler, and Associates, is an American space technology company headquartered in Westminster, Colorado, United States, specializing in manufacturing communication, earth observation, radar, and on-orbit servicing satellites, satellite products, and related services.

See also: Maxar Technologies

 

Gilat Satellite Networks is a public company headquartered in Israel[3] that develops and sells VSAT satellite ground stations and related equipment.

See also: Gilat

The SKY Perfect JSAT Group is a Japanese corporate group that claims to be Asia’s largest satellite communication and multi-channel pay TV company. It owns the SKY PerfecTV satellite broadcasting service and the SKY Perfect Well Think content studio, among other businesses.

See also: JSAT

Star One (also known as Embratel Star One) is a Brazilian communication satellite company. 

See also: Star One

Telenor ASA is a Norwegian multinational telecommunications company. It is one of the world's largest mobile telecommunications companies with operations worldwide, focus in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, and Asia. It has extensive broadband and TV distribution operations in four Nordic countries, and a research and business line for Machine-to-Machine technology. 

See also: Telenor  

Thaicom is the name of a series of communications satellites operated from Thailand, and also the name of Thaicom Public Company Limited, which is the company that owns and operates the Thaicom satellite fleet and other telecommunication businesses in Thailand and throughout the Asia-Pacific region.

See also: Thaicom

Türksat Satellite Communications and Cable TV Operations Company is the sole communications satellite operator in Turkey. 

See also: Türksat

Tooway is an Italian satellite connectivity service providing broadband Internet service across Europe. 

See also: Tooway 

Yahsat a UAE company has built a global reputation as a leading partner for reliable, innovative and affordable satellite connectivity solutions. With two satellites in operation and a reach spreading across 140+ countries Middle East, Africa, Europe, and South-West Asia. 

See also: Yahsat

Freedomsat headquartered in the UK partners with leading global satellite operators delivering high-speed Satellite Internet solutions that deliver fast and reliable internet access to difficult to connect spots across Africa, South America, and the Middle East.

See also: Freedomsat

A satellite is said to occupy an inclined orbit around Earth if the orbit exhibits an angle other than 0° to the equatorial plane. This angle is called the orbit's inclination.

See also: Inclined orbit 

L band refers to the operating frequency range of 1–2 GHz in the radio spectrum. The L band is one of the chief operating ranges used by various applications such as radars, global positioning systems (GPS), radio, telecommunications, and aircraft surveillance.

See also: L band

Iridium Communications Inc. is a publicly traded American company headquartered in McLean, Virginia. Iridium operates the Iridium satellite constellation, a system of 66 active satellites used for worldwide voice and data communication from hand-held satellite phones and other transceiver units. The Iridium network is unique in that it covers the whole Earth, including poles, oceans and airways, with 95 satellites launched so far. 

See also: Iridium

The Iridium satellite constellation provides L-band voice and data over the entire Earth surface. The constellation consists of 66 active satellites in orbit, required for global coverage, and additional spare satellites to serve in case of failure. Iridium Communications owns and operates the constellation, additionally selling equipment and access to its services.

See also: Iridium

A satellite constellation is a group of artificial satellites working in concert. Such a constellation can be considered to be a number of satellites with coordinated ground coverage, operating together under shared control, synchronized so that they overlap well in coverage, the period in which a satellite or other spacecraft is visible above the local horizon.

See also: Satellite Constellation

Based in Washington DC, LeoSat is a satellite constellation project. It is designed to consist of 78 to 108 satellites in 1400 km orbit. Ka-band should be used for downlink.

See also: LeoSat   

Medium Earth orbit (MEO), sometimes called intermediate circular orbit (ICO), is the region of space around Earth above low Earth orbit (altitude of 2,000 km (1,243 mi) above sea level) and below geostationary orbit (altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above sea level).

See also: MEO

MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods, which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth.

See also: MPEG-2

Lyngsat is a satellite owner and operator delivering digital television, radio and information network services;

See also: Lyngsat 

Geosynchronous Satellite – A satellite that is 22,300 miles above the Earth, centered over the Equator that orbits at the same speed the earth rotates. This phenomenon allows a satellite to become stationary in the sky.

See also: Geosynchronous Satellite

 

Latency (in Satellite communication) - Internet traffic travels at the speed of light. That means that a request from a web-surfer in California to a web server in New York takes about 0.03 seconds (30 milliseconds) to make the round trip. In practice, because the request may pass through a dozen or more routers and switches, each with some delay, it will average about 90 milliseconds for a good connection.

With satellite connections, the distances are so vast that even light speed isn't fast enough to not be noticeable. The satellites used are 22,000+ miles above the equator, so the round trip in on the order of 95,000 miles from North America. That means there will be a round trip of over 500 milliseconds, not counting the normal Internet switching and routing. The satellite switches are also relatively slow (they route the signal between up and downlinks), so that the fastest possible connection is about 650 milliseconds.

This time lag is called latency and is used to explain some of the problems for such Internet uses as VoIP and real-time gaming.

Link Budget - a calculation based on satellite power, earth station power and antenna size which is used to determine the appropriate hardware needed for a particular location or locations.

See also: Link Budget

Polarization (Cross Pol) – Satellite dishes transmit and receive on horizontal and vertical planes. These planes must be lined up with the orbiting satellite perfectly, or the signal is quickly lost. The process of cross polarization is the process of aligning the satellite dish to be aligned with the satellite.

Skew - The rotation of a dish around its center point. Seen as a clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation when facing the front of the dish.

Skew is needed to align the antenna with the polarization of the satellite signal when the dish is not located on the same longitude as the satellite. When a dish is west of the satellite, the skew is a negative number, and from the front of the dish, the left edge will be higher than the right. When the dish is east of the satellite it will have a positive skew, with the left edge lower than the right edge.

Star Network - use an Earth-based NOC (Network Operations Center) to route all traffic to and from the orbiting satellite to the smaller VSAT dish clients which requires. Star Network differ from Mesh Networks, because Mesh networks avoid an Earth Based NOC, and route traffic from the orbiting satellite. The obvious advantage is Mesh Networks latency (ping time) is half as much as a star network because Mesh doesn't need to take two round trips to the satellite in order for a bit of information to be requested and received from a client Star Network VSAT site. Mesh networks are also inherently more secure because data is transmitted from VSAT dish to VSAT dish.

See also: Star Network

Multiplexing in telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing (sometimes contracted to muxing) is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephone calls may be carried using one wire. 

See also: Multiplexing

BUC- The "Block Up Converter" is simply the transmitter for a satellite dish. BUC's are rated by wattage, the higher the wattage, the better the upload performance, especially during bad weather.

dBW - Decibel Watts is a measurement of energy beamed from a satellite to a point on the earth. The higher the dBW, the stronger the signal strength, and the small satellite dish that is required.

DNS - Domain Name System (or Service or Server), pronounced as three letters. An Internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. 

Footprint – The satellite signal strength as it falls on the Earth. It can also be called a coverage map.

A low-noise block downconverter (LNB) is the receiving device mounted on satellite dishes used for satellite TV reception, which collects the radio waves from the dish and converts them to a signal which is sent through a cable to the receiver inside the building. Also called a low-noise block, low-noise converter (LNC), or even low-noise downconverter (LND).

See also: LNB

Mesh Satellite Network - The orbiting satellite acts as a "router in space" and can direct traffic to other VSAT dishes on the ground. This topology cuts satellite latency (ping times) in half because data doesn't need to make two round trips to the orbiting satellite as with the more common Star topology satellite network. Mesh networks can also be a combination of Star and Mesh where some traffic may be routed through an Earth-based NOC.

Quality of Service (QoS) is a term used to show the requirements of some applications and users are more critical than others, which means that some traffic needs preferential treatment. By using QoS mechanisms, network administrators can use existing resources efficiently and ensure the required level of service without reactively expanding or over-provisioning their networks. Traditionally, the concept of quality in networks meant that all network traffic was treated equally. The result was that all network traffic received the network’s best effort, with no guarantees for reliability, delay, variation in delay, or other performance characteristics. With best-effort delivery service, however, a single bandwidth-intensive application can result in poor or unacceptable performance for all applications.

See also: QoS

X-Band - The X band is used mainly for military communications and Wideband Global SATCOM (WGS) systems. With relatively few satellites in orbit in this band, there is a wider separation between adjacent satellites, making it ideal for Comms-on-the Move (COTM) applications. This band is less susceptible to rain fade than the Ku Band due to the lower frequency range, resulting in a higher performance level under adverse weather conditions. The X-Band uses 7.9 to 8.4 GHz for the uplink and 7.25 to 7.75 GHz for the downlink. The X-Band is heavily used by military organizations.

See also: X- Band

Azimuth - This refers to the horizontal direction of a satellite. In the case of a satellite TV system, it refers to the rotation of the whole satellite dish assembly around a vertical axis, or supporting pole. By definition, North is 0 deg or 360 deg, East is 90 deg, South is 180 deg, and West is 270 deg.

It would have a different azimuth depending on your location but since TV satellites are over the equator, if you live in the US, it will always be in the southern sky.

Baseband - The raw satellite TV signal before it is re-modulated to become a signal that is suitable for a TV.

See also: Baseband

Beam - A satellite transmission pattern. A unidirectional flow of radio waves concentrated in a particular direction. A term commonly used to refer to an antenna’s radiation pattern, often used to describe the radiation pattern of satellite antennas. The intersection of a satellite beam with the earth’s surface is referred to as the (beam’s) footprint.

Bird - An alternative name for a satellite.

Clarke Belt - Named after its founder Arthur C. Clarke, the Clarke Belt is an orbit used by satellites at a height of 22,250 miles, in which satellites make an orbit in 24 hours; this means they will remain in a fixed position relative to the earth’s surface.

See also: Clarke Belt 

A geostationary orbit, often referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit[1] (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km (22,236 mi) above Earth's equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit appears motionless, at a fixed position in the sky, to ground observers. Communications satellites and weather satellites are often placed in geostationary orbits, so that the satellite antennae (located on Earth) that communicate with them do not have to rotate to track them, but can be pointed permanently at the position in the sky where the satellites are located. 

See also: Geostationary orbit

Antenna - a satellite dish is a dish-shaped type of parabolic antenna designed to receive or transmit information by radio waves to or from a communication satellite. The term most commonly means a dish used by consumers to receive direct-broadcast satellite television from a direct broadcast satellite in geostationary orbit.

See also: Antenna

DBS - This is short for Digital Broadcast Satellites. These high-powered satellites use a Ku-band frequency (12.2 to 12.7 GHz) to deliver programming signals directly to small (18-inch) dishes installed at viewers' homes.

Downlink - A signal’s path from the satellite to antenna.

DVB - The Digital Video Broadcast is the broadcast standard for digital radio and television, using MPEG II and MPEG 4 compression. DVB is being supported by all European manufacturers and broadcasters.

Elevation - How high a satellite is from the horizon. The angle of elevation refers to the upward tilt of a satellite dish antenna that is required to aim it at the communications satellite, measured in degrees. When the dish is aimed at the horizon, the elevation angle is zero.

Feed Horn - In parabolic antennas such as satellite dishes, a feed horn (or feedhorn) is a small horn antenna used to convey radio waves between the transmitter and/or receiver and the parabolic reflector. In transmitting antennas, it is connected to the transmitter and converts the radio frequency alternating current from the transmitter to radio waves and feeds them to the rest of the antenna, which focuses them into a beam. In receiving antennas, incoming radio waves are gathered and focused by the antenna's reflector on the feed horn, which converts them to a tiny radio frequency voltage which is amplified by the receiver. Feed horns are used mainly at microwave (SHF) and higher frequencies.

See also: Feed Horn

Orbital slots refer to the location of satellites around the globe. Orbital slots are managed by a division of the United Nations named the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). There is no cost associated with them and they are allotted on a first come-first serve basis for usually around 15 years, which can be renewed. There are only 1,800 slots available since you have to worry about interference and collision if they get too close.

International Telecommunications Union (ITU) allocates global radio spectrum and satellite orbits, develop the technical standards that ensure networks and technologies seamlessly interconnect, and strive to improve access to ICTs to underserved communities worldwide.

ITU is committed to connecting all the world's people – wherever they live and whatever their means. Through our work, we protect and support everyone's fundamental right to communicate.

See also: ITU

Pixelization - Pixelization occurs due to errors in decoding the MPEG bit stream where areas or patches of color appear instead of the higher resolution image.  It might be described as the picture 'breaking up'.  The patches of blocks appear and disappear, and can happen anywhere on the screen but usually are part of an image that is in motion.  Pixelization most often occurs during rain fade or if the incoming signal strength is too low for the satellite TV system to operate properly.

Rain fade - The loss of signal from the satellite during a heavy rain. Fade cause by heavy downpours of rain. Impacts Ku- and Ka-bands more so than C-band operation.

The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association (SBCA) is the national trade organization representing the consumer satellite (direct broadcast satellite) industry in the United States, including the two largest service providers, DirecTV and DISH Network, manufacturers, installers, and distributors of satellite equipment.

Solar Outage - Solar outages occur when a satellite dish is looking at a satellite, and the sun passes behind the satellite and within the field of view of the dish antenna.  Solar outages occur during the spring and fall as the sun moves up and down the sky during the equinox.  The outages only last a few minutes for a few days a year.

Transponder - It is a satellite component that receives, modulates, amplifies, and re-broadcast a signal back to Earth. More than one television or audio channel can be transmitted over a signal transponder using MPEG compression.

Uplink - A signal’s path from the earth to a satellite.

Attenuation is the weakening of signal strength, analog or digital, especially when transmitted over long distances. Attenuation is expressed in dB or decibels 

Clear sky - A term describing the weather conditions encountered at the terrestrial end of an earth-space path of a satellite communication link. It is used to describe the condition where the attenuation of radio waves caused by precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc.) is lowest (i.e., cloud-free sky and good visibility).

Dawn-to-dusk orbit (Also called a heliosynchronous orbit) An orbit where the satellite is in perpetual sunlight, allowing it to rely totally on solar panels to generate power. This orbit is used for earth observation, imaging and research satellites.

Dawn-to-dusk orbit (Also called a heliosynchronous orbit) An orbit where the satellite is in perpetual sunlight, allowing it to rely totally on solar panels to generate power. This orbit is used for earth observation, imaging, and research satellites.

See also: Heliosynchronous orbit

Downconverter  - A device for converting the frequency of a signal to a lower frequency; transceivers that take a C-, Ku-, or Ka-band signal and frequency-converts it to either 70 MHz, 140 MHz, or L-band 950–1450 MHz.

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) is an independent, not-for-profit, standardization organization in the telecommunications industry (equipment makers and network operators) in Europe, headquartered in Sophia-Antipolis, France, with worldwide projection. ETSI produces globally-applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies.

See also: ETSI

Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP)  - A measure of the signal strength that a satellite transmits towards the earth, or an earth station transmits towards a satellite, expressed in dBW or decibel watts.

Machine to machine (commonly abbreviated as M2M) refers to direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless.[1][2] Machine to machine communication can include industrial instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to communicate the data it records (such as temperature, inventory level, etc.) to application software that can use it (for example, adjusting an industrial process based on temperature or placing orders to replenish inventory).[3] Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer.

See also: M2M

Maritime mobile satellite service (MMSS) - A satellite service between mobile-satellite earth stations and one or more satellites.

Mobile satellite service (MSS) - A satellite service intended to provide wireless communication to any point on the globe.

Noise (Also known as Thermal Noise.) Any undesired electrical disturbance in a circuit or communication channel. When combined with a received signal, it affects the receiver’s ability to correctly reproduce the original signal.

The Kelvin scale is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases in the classical description of thermodynamics. The kelvin (symbol: K) is the base unit of temperature in the International System of Units (SI). 

See also: Kelvin scale

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) - Founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members.

See also: OECD

Conflict minerals are natural resources extracted in a conflict zone and sold to perpetuate the fighting. The most prominent contemporary example has been the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where various armies, rebel groups, and outside actors have profited from mining while contributing to violence and exploitation during wars in the region.

The four most commonly mined conflict minerals (known as 3TGs, from their initials) are cassiterite (for tin), wolframite (for tungsten), coltan (for tantalum), and gold ore, which are extracted from the eastern Congo, and passed through a variety of intermediaries before being purchased. These minerals are essential in the manufacture of a variety of devices, including consumer electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, and MP3 players.

See also: Conflict minerals

3TG refer to conflict minerals extracted in a conflict zone and sold to perpetuate the fighting. The most prominent contemporary example has been the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where various armies, rebel groups, and outside actors have profited from mining while contributing to violence and exploitation during wars in the region.

The four most commonly mined conflict minerals (known as 3TGs, from their initials) are cassiterite (for tin), wolframite (for tungsten), coltan (for tantalum), and gold ore, which are extracted from the eastern Congo, and passed through a variety of intermediaries before being purchased. These minerals are essential in the manufacture of a variety of devices, including consumer electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, and MP3 players.

See also: 3TG

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977 (FCPA) (15 U.S.C. § 78dd-1, et seq.) is a United States federal law known primarily for two of its main provisions: one that addresses accounting transparency requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and another concerning bribery of foreign officials. The Act was amended in 1988 and in 1998 and has been subject to continued congressional concerns, namely whether its enforcement discourages U.S. companies from investing abroad.

See also: FCPA

A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business enterprise where the state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership. Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and operation in commercial affairs and activities. While they may also have public policy objectives (e.g., a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible), SOEs should be differentiated from government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely nonfinancial objectives.

See also: SOE

International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) is a United States regulatory regime to restrict and control the export of defense and military-related technologies to safeguard U.S. national security and further U.S. foreign policy objectives.

See also: ITAR

The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a financial intelligence and enforcement agency of the U.S. Treasury Department. It administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions in support of U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives. Under Presidential national emergency powers, OFAC carries out its activities against foreign states as well as a variety of other organizations and individuals, like terrorist groups, deemed to be a threat to U.S. national security.

See also: OFAC

In order to carry out its duties, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) produces the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons list – also known as the OFAC SDN list.

The OFAC SDN list represents an essential tool in the fight against money laundering and terrorist financing in the United States and around the world. It forms part of the US Treasury’s Selective Sanctions policy in which specific individuals and organizations involved in certain criminal activities are penalized, as opposed to the more comprehensive approach of sanctioning entire nations.

See also: SDN

Anti-money-laundering refers to a set of procedures, laws and regulations designed to stop the practice of generating income through illegal actions. Though anti-money-laundering laws cover a relatively limited number of transactions and criminal behaviors, their implications are far-reaching. For example, AML regulations require institutions issuing credit or allowing customers to open accounts to complete due-diligence procedures to ensure they are not aiding in money-laundering activities. The onus to perform these procedures is on the institutions, not on the criminals or the government.

See also: AML

The Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) is a U.S. wiretapping law passed by Congress in 1994. The law requires telecommunications providers and equipment manufacturers to allow law enforcement agencies to intercept communications with a warrant. The law originally applied only to telephone conversations but has since been expanded to cover VoIP and internet traffic.

See also: CALEA

Know your customer (alternatively, know your client or 'KYC') is the process of a business verifying the identity of its clients and assessing potential risks of illegal intentions for the business relationship. The term is also used to refer to the bank regulations and anti-money laundering regulations which govern these activities. Know your customer processes are also employed by companies of all sizes for the purpose of ensuring their proposed agents, consultants, or distributors are anti-bribery compliant. Banks, insurers and export creditors are increasingly demanding that customers provide detailed anti-corruption due diligence information.

See also: KYC

On October 18, 2013, IFES Acquisition Corp. Limited, an English company (“IFES”) and an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Global Eagle Entertainment Inc. (the “Company”), entered into Sale and Purchase Agreements (the “Purchase Agreement”) with GCP Capital Partners LLP and certain individuals (each a “Seller” and collectively, the “Sellers”) relating to the acquisition by IFES of all of the issued share capital (the “Purchased Shares”) of Travel Entertainment Group Equity Limited, a private limited company incorporated in England and Wales (“IFE” and the acquisition, the “IFE Purchase”). IFE provides media content for use by airlines in in-flight entertainment and connectivity systems. The Company completed the IFE Purchase on October 18, 2013. 
 

Inflight Management Development Centre Limited  (IMDC) is a Global Eagle company.

On April 6, 2012 AIA acquired Inflight Management Development Centre (IMDC) Limited. IMDC provides in-flight entertainment consulting services to numerous international airline passenger companies. 

Inflight Productions, Ltd. a Global Eagle company provides inflight movie distribution and entertainment services and solutions to airlines. It focuses on handheld devices, WiFi streaming, and alternative ways of engaging passengers throughout their entire journey. The company offers movies, TV programs, audio content, games, and tailored content to create engaging user experiences before, during, and after their flight. It also creates applications, Websites, and graphical user interfaces; and provides magazine design, production, and print buying services. The company was founded in 1979 and is based in London, United Kingdom. As of March 22, 2006, Inflight Productions, Ltd. operates as a subsidiary of Global Eagle.

A Global Eagle company headquartered in the UK.

LOS ANGELES, Oct. 21, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Global Eagle Entertainment Inc. (Nasdaq:ENT) announced today that it has acquired Travel Entertainment Group Equity Limited, the UK-based parent company of IFE Services Limited (IFE Services) from GCP Capital Partners LLP for approximately $36 million in cash. IFE Services is a leading provider of in-flight entertainment services to airlines and cruise lines worldwide. The acquisition expands Global Eagle's leadership in delivering content and software solutions to the international travel industry. FE Services Ltd. provides in-flight entertainment (IFE) solutions to the airline industry. It offers in-flight movies, TV shows, audio channels, and sleep and relaxation solutions. The company also provides portable and streaming IFE solutions; and technical advice and support. In addition, it engages in the production of safety films, advertising and promotional videos, information films, destination films, indents and branding, interface design and GUIs, announcements, printworks, and video editing. Further, the company provides passenger entertainment and on-board revenue solutions; and support services in the areas of system management, content planning, and fleet expansion.

Kontron a Global Eagle partner has 30+ years experience building ultra-rugged computing platforms designed for commercial and defense applications and is uniquely positioned to address the needs of the In-flight Entertainment & Connectivity (IFE&C) market. 

See also: Kontron

Aerotek Design Labs a Global Eagle Partner is an aerospace technology company serving the needs of the commercial and general aviation marketplace. Aerotek Design Labs is a full-service integrator of electronic products. We are FAA Certified and have a worldwide presence for engineering design, program management, manufacturing, DAR services, quality inspection, electronic repair, and logistical services.

See also: Aerotek Design Labs

Pointing angles  - The elevation and azimuth angles which specify the direction of a satellite from a point on the earth’s surface.

Pointing error (antenna) - A value that quantifies the amount by which an antenna is misaligned with the satellite’s position in space. This is either expressed as an angular error, or as a loss in signal strength with respect to the maximum that would be achieved with a perfectly aligned antenna.

Polar satellites - Satellites in LEO orbits that are in a plane of the two poles. Their applications include the ability to view only the poles (e.g., to fill in gaps of GEO coverage), or to view the same place on earth at the same time each 24-h day. Polar orbits are typically used by LEO communications satellites as well as research, weather, and surveillance satellites.

Precipitation loss - Signal loss due to rain attenuating the signal, particularly in the Ku-band, and further dispersing the signal as it passes through the drops of water.

Satellite bus - Key components that most satellites are equipped with, such as the control system, battery, solar panel, communication system, and frame structure of the spacecraft itself.

Slant range - The length of a line drawn from the antenna to the satellite.

Tracking - The process of continuously adjusting the orientation of an antenna so that its boresight follows the movements of the satellite about its nominal position. Used in earth stations equipped with large antennas and earth stations operating to satellites in inclined orbit, LEOs, MEOs, polar orbits.

An Acceptable Interruption Window is the maximum time allowed for restoration, when interrupted, of critical systems or applications of an organization, so that its business goals are not negatively affected.

Acceptable Use Policy is a policy that defines the level of access and degree of use of the organization’s network or internet by the members of an organization.

An access control list (ACL), with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions attached to an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects. Each entry in a typical ACL specifies a subject and an operation. For instance, if a file object has an ACL that contains (Alice: read,write; Bob: read), this would give Alice permission to read and write the file and Bob to only read it.

See also: ACL

In computer networking, a wireless access point (WAP), or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows a Wi-Fi device to connect to a wired network. The AP usually connects to a router (via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of the router itself. An AP is differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available.

User account management is the methods which are used to create, manage and authenticate users.

Administrative safeguards are a special set of the HIPPA security rules. Administrative safeguards focus on internal organization, policies and procedures and the maintenance of security managers which are in place to protect sensitive patient information.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.

AES has been adopted by the U.S. government and is now used worldwide. It supersedes the Data Encryption Standard (DES),[7] which was published in 1977. The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data.

See also: AES

Advanced penetration testing is the process of testing a network to discover vulnerabilities which make it open to harmful intruders; then addressing and remedying the issues.

An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a set of stealthy and continuous computer hacking processes, often orchestrated by a person or persons targeting a specific entity. An APT usually targets either private organizations, states or both for business or political motives. APT processes require a high degree of covertness over a long period of time. The "advanced" process signifies sophisticated techniques using malware to exploit vulnerabilities in systems. The "persistent" process suggests that an external command and control system is continuously monitoring and extracting data from a specific target. The "threat" process indicates human involvement in orchestrating the attack.

See also: APT

Adware is software distributed to the user free of cost with advertisements embedded into them. As such, it displays advertisements, and redirects your queries to sponsor’s websites. Adware helps advertisers collect data for marketing purposes, without your permissions to do so. A user can disable ad pop-ups by purchasing a registration key. 

Alternate facilities are secondary facilities includes Offices, data processing centers etc., from where high- priority emergency tasks can be performed, delivered when primary facilities are interrupted, unavailable.

Anti-malware is a program designed to protect computers and networks against any threats or attacks from viruses such as adware, spyware, and any such other malicious programs.

Antivirus software is a program or a set of programs that help prevent any malicious object, code, program from entering your computer or network. If any such malicious programs enters your computer, Antivirus software helps detect, quarantine, or remove such programs from the computer or networks.

An Asset is the resources of an organization, business either having tangible value – finance, Infrastructure, physical properties, human resource – or of intangible value such as goodwill that helps business and can be converted to cash for future use.

Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is any cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: public keys which may be disseminated widely, and private keys which are known only to the owner. This accomplishes two functions: authentication, where the public key verifies that a holder of the paired private key sent the message, and encryption, where only the paired private key holder can decrypt the message encrypted with the public key.

See also: Public Key

An Attack Vector is a means and ways by which an attacker gains entry into the target system. Attackers mainly use the human element or the weak links to gain such access.

An audit trail is a detailed history of transactions to help you trace a piece of information back to its origin. In the field of computers, Audit trail or paper log, helps maintain security, recover any lost data.

Authentication is the process of identifying a piece of information, the veracity of information provided. In computers, it is the process of identifying a person or system with the username; password, etc. Authentication helps individuals; systems gain authorization based on their identity.

A backdoor or trapdoor is a process to gain unauthorized access to a computer or a network. A programmer may bypass security steps and gain access to a computer by trapdoor programs, in the event of an attack on the computer system or networks. Attackers may also use such mechanisms to enter computer or networks without proper permission.

Banner grabbing is a technique used to gain information about a computer system on a network and the services running on its open ports. Administrators can use this to take inventory of the systems and services on their network. However, an intruder can use banner grabbing in order to find network hosts that are running versions of applications and operating systems with known exploits.

See also: Banner grabbing

A banner is a display on an information system that sets the parameters for system or data use.

Baseline security is the minimum set of security controls required for safeguarding an IT system. Baseline security is based upon a system’s identified needs for confidentiality, integrity and availability protection.

Biometrics are a security system, which takes into account the unique physiological characteristics of a person such as fingerprints, DNA, eyes, etc., for identification purposes.

A bit error rate is the ratio between the number of bits incorrectly received and the total number of bits transmitted in a telecommunications system.

A Block Cipher is a method used to cipher text, information by encrypting data in blocks, strings, or group at a time rather encrypting individual bits.

See also: Block Cipher

A Botnet is a remote controlled robotic network or a network of computers set up to further attacks such as spam, virus, etc., to the target computers or networks. Attackers use various malicious programs, viruses to take control of computers and form a botnet or robotic network; the owners of such member computers may be unaware that their computer carries and forwards such threat.

See also: Botnet 

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) is a policy of the organization allowing its employees to use their personal devices such as smartphones, Tablet PCs, Laptops for business purposes.

A brute-force attack consists of an attacker submitting many passwords or passphrases with the hope of eventually guessing correctly. The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found. 

See also: Brute Force Attack

A Business Impact Analysis/Assessment is the process of evaluating and identifying risks and threats that a business might face in the event of an accident, disaster, or an emergency. It evaluates the possible risk to tangible and intangible assets such as personal, infrastructure, data and goodwill. In addition, it offers steps needed to recover from any such disasters.

Business Continuity Plan (or business continuity and resiliency planning) is the process of creating systems of prevention and recovery to deal with potential threats to a company.

See also: Business Continuity Plan

A Certificate Authority (CA) is an independent third party that verifies the online identity of an entity. They issue digital certificates that contains information about the owner of the certificate and details of the certificates, thus verifying the identity of the owner.

See also: CA

Challenge Response Protocol in computer security, challenge–response authentication is a family of protocols in which one party presents a question ("challenge") and another party must provide a valid answer ("response") to be authenticated.

See also: Challenge Response 

Checksum - A Numerical value that helps to check if the data transmitted is the same as the data stored and that the recipient has error-free data. It is often the sum of the numerical values of bits of digital data stored, this value should match with the value at the recipient's end, and a mismatch in the value indicates an error.

A Chief Information Security Officer is a senior level executive of an organization entrusted with the responsibilities of protecting the information assets of the businesses and making sure that the information policies of the organization align with the objectives of the organization.

A Cipher is a process to convert data into code, or encrypt, with the help of algorithm; to decipher the code a key is required.

Cipher Text is data converted from plain text into code using algorithm, making it unreadable without the key.

Cleartext is data in ASCII format or data that is not coded or encrypted. All applications and machines support plain text.

The Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (ITMRA), is a United States federal law, designed to improve the way the federal government acquires, uses and disposes of information technology (IT). Together with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1996, it is known as the Clinger–Cohen Act.

See also: Clinger–Cohen Act

The Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1996 (ITMRA), is a United States federal law, designed to improve the way the federal government acquires, uses and disposes of information technology (IT). Together with the Federal Acquisition Reform Act of 1996, it is known as the Clinger–Cohen Act.

Cloud Computing is a platform that utilizes shared resources to access information, data, etc., rather than local server. Information is stores on, and retrieved form the cloud or internet. Cloud computing allows remote sharing of files, data and facilitates remote working, as long as users are connected to the internet.

A computer emergency response team (CERT) is an expert group that handles computer security incidents. Alternative names for such groups include computer emergency readiness team and computer security incident response team (CSIRT).

See also: CERT

Computer Forensics is the process of analyzing and investing computer devices, on suspecting that such devices may have been used in a cybercrime, with the aim of gathering evidence for presentation in a court of law. Computer forensics offer many tools for investigation and analysis to find out such evidence.

See also: Computer Forensics

Content Filtering is a process by which access to certain content, information, data is restricted, limited, or completely blocked based on organization’s rules. Any objectionable email, website, etc., is blocked using either software or hardware based tools.

Cross Site Scripting is an attack on trusted and otherwise secure websites, by injecting malicious scripting. Attackers target websites that do not filter user inputs for strings or common characters in a script.

See also: XSS

Cryptography is the science and art of protecting the privacy of information by encrypting it into a secret code, so no one but the authorized person with an encryption key can read or view the information.

Data Classification is a data management process that involves of categorizing and organizing data into different classes based on their forms, types, importance, sensitivity, and usage in an organization.

A Data Encryption Standard is a form of algorithm to convert plain text to a cipher text. Data Encryption Standard uses the same key to encrypt and decrypt the data, and hence it is a symmetric key algorithm.

See also: DES

Data Retention is the process of storing and protecting data for historical reasons and for data back up when needed. Every organization has its own rules governing data retention within the organization.

A decryption key is a piece of code that is required to decipher or convert encrypted text or information into plain text or information.

Defense in Depth (also known as Castle Approach is an information assurance (IA) concept in which multiple layers of security controls (defense) are placed throughout an information technology (IT) system. Its intent is to provide redundancy in the event a security control fails or a vulnerability is exploited that can cover aspects of personnel, procedural, technical and physical security for the duration of the system's life cycle.

See also: Defense in Depth

The Castle Approach is the process of creating multiple layers of security to protect electronics and information resources against attackers. It is based on the principle that in the event of an attack, even if one layer fails to protect the information resource other layers can offer defense against the attack.

See also: Castle Approach

 

A Denial of Service Attack is an attack on a network or a machine to make it unavailable to other or important users. Single user floods the network or server with the same requests keeping it busy, occupied, and unavailable for other users.

See also: DoS

In a distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack), the incoming traffic flooding the victim originates from many different sources. This effectively makes it impossible to stop the attack simply by blocking a single source.

A DoS or DDoS attack is analogous to a group of people crowding the entry door of a shop, making it hard for legitimate customers to enter, disrupting trade.

See also: DDoS

A Digital Certificate is a piece of information that guarantees that the sender is verified, genuine and that he is the person who he claims to be. Otherwise known as Public Key Information, Digital certificate issued by Certificate Authority, helps exchange information over the internet in a safe and secure manner.

See also: Digital Certificate

A Digital Signature is an electronic code that guarantees the authenticity of the sender of information as who he claims to be, and that the information he sent out is first- hand, without any alterations. Digital signatures use the private key information of the sender and cannot be imitated or forged, easily.

A Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP) or a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) prescribes steps required to carry on the business as usual in the event of a disaster. Disaster recovery plan aims to bring business activities back to normalcy in the shortest possible time; such efforts require an in-depth study and analysis of business critical processes and their continuity needs. Business continuity plans also prescribe preventive measures to avoid disasters in the first place.

See also: DR

Disk imaging is the process of generating a bit-for-bit copy of the original media, including free space and slack space.

In the aviation industry, some of the added options that are installed during construction of the aircraft are either provisioned or line-fit. This refers to items that are installed on the production line by the manufacturer. The array of options available to a new customer are quite extensive – and just like with the example of buying a car, airlines also pick from a catalog, albeit one that is much larger.

An Easter Egg is the hidden functionality within an application program, which becomes activated when an undocumented set of commands and keystrokes are entered. Easter eggs are typically used to display the credits for the development team and are intended to be nonthreatening.

An Electronic signature is the process of applying any mark in electronic form with the intent to sign a data object and is used interchangeably with digital signature.

Encryption is a process of maintaining data integrity and confidentiality by converting plain data into a secret code with the help of an algorithm. Only authorized users with a key can access encrypted Data or cipher text.

An Encryption Key is a code of variable value developed with the help of encryption algorithm to encrypt and decrypt information.

A Fail Safe is the automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems when hardware or software failure is detected.

File encryption is the process of encrypting individual files on a storage medium and permitting access to the encrypted data only after proper authentication is provided.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an internet protocol for transferring files from one computer to another in a network using TCP/ IP.

A firewall is a security system, tool that includes any software or hardware aimed at preventing viruses, worms, and hackers from intruding into a system or network.

Flooding is an attack that attempts to cause a failure in a system by providing more input than the system can process properly.

Gateways are network points that act as an entrance to another network. A node or stopping point can be either a gateway node or a host (end-point) node.

See also: Gateway

Governance, Risk Management and Compliance is a comprehensive and integrated organization wide system for achieving the goals set in each areas namely governance, Risk management, and Compliance, and meet the regulatory standards and requirements.

A guessing entropy is a measure of the difficulty that an Attacker has to guess the average password used in a system. In this document, entropy is stated in bits.  When a password has n-bits of guessing entropy then an attacker has as much difficulty guessing the average password as in guessing an n-bit random quantity. The attacker is assumed to know the actual password frequency distribution.

A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to data of a fixed size. The values returned by a hash function are called hash values, hash codes, digests, or simply hashes. Hash functions are often used in combination with a hash table, a common data structure used in computer software for rapid data lookup. Hash functions accelerate table or database lookup by detecting duplicated records in a large file.

See also: Hash 

A Header refers to the additional data at the beginning of a chunk of data (or packet) being stored or transmitted. The data that follows the header is called the payload or body. Note that it is important that the header is of clear and unambiguous format to allow for parsing.

E-mail header: The text (body) is preceded by header lines indicating sender, recipient, subject, sending time stamp, receiving time stamps of all intermediate and the final mail transfer agents, and much more.

See also: Header